Usenet 1993 July/InfoMagic USENET CD-ROM July 1993.ISO/answers/biology/guide

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From: [e-mail] (Una Smith)
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Subject: A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources
Summary: Newsgroups, mailing lists, free data and software sources, and more.
Keywords: Internet biology resources news mailing lists data software free
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Date: 26 May 93 20:45:38 GMT
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Last-modified: 26 May 1993


        A  Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources
                   Version 1.4, 26 May 1993

    Una Smith    Department of Biology        [e-mail]
            Yale University
            New Haven, Connecticut  06511

-*- Contents

    1. How to Use this Guide
        1. Conditions of Use
        2. How to Get Updates

    2. Networking
        1. Some Mind-Boggling Statistics
        2. Netiquette
        3. Usenet
            1. Newsgroups of Special Interest
            2. Special Usenet Hierarchies and Gated Mailing Lists
            3. Usenet FAQs about Usenet
        4. Listserver Mailing Lists
            1. Commands
            2. Archives
            3. Gateways to Usenet
        5. Other Mailing Lists
        6. Newsletters

    3. Information Archives
        1. Bibliographies
        2. Directories
        3. Software
        4. Data
            1. Systematic Databases
            2. Search Engines
        5. List of Archives
        6. Access Tools
            1. Telnet
            2. Anonymous FTP
            3. Gopher
            4. Archie
            5. Veronica
            6. Wide-Area Information Servers (WAIS)
            7. World-Wide Web (WWW)
        7. Access by E-mail

    4. Commercial Services

    5. Useful and Important FAQs
        1. What's a FAQ and where can I get one?
        2. Does anyone have an e-mail address for X?
        3. How do I find a good graduate program?
        4. Where can I get old newsgroup/mailing list articles?
        5. Where can I find biology-related job announcements?

    Acknowledgements

    Bibliography

    Appendix. Assorted Listserver Mailing Lists


-*- 1. How to Use this Guide

    If you find this guide difficult to understand, you might want to read
    one of the published Internet guidebooks listed in the bibliography and
    mentioned several times in this guide.  In the interest of brevity, no
    information that is easily obtained elsewhere is duplicated here in any
    detail, thus for a full understanding of the resources and tools listed
    here it is helpful to read the cited material as well.


-*- 1.1. Conditions of Use

    This guide may be freely distributed, provided that the text is not edited
    in any way beyond removal of the headers;  the format may be changed in
    any way that is convenient for printed or electronic presentation.  This
    guide may be freely adapted, provided that the source is acknowledged.
    However, this guide may not be sold for profit, in either the original or
    an adapted form, without permission from the author.

    If you make significant use of any document, data or software provided
    via the Internet, the authors would be grateful if you would cite them or
    otherwise acknowledge their efforts.  Virtually every service or resource
    mentioned in this guide (and this guide itself) is the un-paid, voluntary
    contribution of scientists and students, both graduate and undergraduate.

    A suggested citation is:

    Smith, Una R. (1993) "A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources."
    Usenet sci.answers.  Available via anonymous FTP and e-mail from
        rtfm.mit.edu as file pub/usenet/news.answers/biology/guide.  30 pages.


-*- 1.2. How to Get Updates

    This guide is updated more-or-less monthly.  The most current version is
    available via Usenet, gopher, FTP and e-mail, as follows:

    - In Usenet, look in sci.bio, sci.answers, or news.answers.

    - Gopher to sunsite.unc.edu, and choose this sequence of menu items:

        Sunsite Archives
                Browse All Sunsite Archives
                        academic
                                biology
                                        ecology+evolution

      Or, from any gopher offering other biology gophers by topic, look for
      the menu item "Ecology and Evolution [at UNC and Yale]".

    - Use FTP to rtfm.mit.edu.  Use the username "anonymous" and your e-mail
      address as the password.  Use the "cd" command to go to the
      pub/usenet/news.answers/biology/ directory and use "get guide" to copy
      the file to your computer.  The file is actually stored as guide.Z,
      which is a compressed binary file, but if you specify "guide" it will be
      uncompressed and translated to readable ASCII before it is transfered to
      your computer.  You can also use anonymous FTP to sunsite.unc.edu, where
      this guide is stored as pub/academic/biology/ecology+evolution/FAQ.

    - If all else fails, send e-mail to [e-mail] with the text
      "send usenet/news.answers/biology/guide".  Because the guide is so long,
      you will probably receive it in parts:  save each part separately,
      delete the e-mail headers, and merge the parts.

    See section 3.6, Access Tools for more information about retrieving
    information from the Internet.


-*- 2. Networking

    The Internet has become an excellent place in which to look for academic
    and professional job announcements, conference announcements and calls
    for papers, and important notices about recent events in many fields of
    biology.  Generally, notices of all forms appear on the Internet well in
    advance of traditional journals and newsletters.  Scientific interest
    groups, both formal and informal ones, maintain electronic discussion
    groups, directories, digests and newsletters.  These resources are
    distributed in three principal ways:  via Usenet newsgroups, (automated)
    listserver mailing lists, and mailing lists administered by real people.
    Increasingly, the two forms of mailing list have "gateways" connecting
    them with Usenet newsgroups.


-*- 2.1. Some Mind-Boggling Statistics

    Recently, approximately 300 thousand articles per week were distributed
    worldwide through Usenet (Anonymous 1993).  This traffic constituted
    roughly 40 megabytes per day of announcements, questions and answers,
    advice and bits of program code, references, heated debates, and data in
    various formats.  There are now nearly a million registered computers
    on the Internet, and thus tens of millions of people;  an estimated
    7 million people have accounts on 65 thousand computers carrying Usenet,
    and nearly 2 million people read Usenet news at least occasionally
    (Reid 1993b).  There are several thousand world-wide Usenet newsgroups,
    several thousand listserver mailing lists, and several thousand other,
    generally small mailing lists.

    It appears that there are on the order of 10 thousand people who read
    biology-related Usenet newsgroups (Reid 1993a), and there may be that
    many using mailing lists for topics in biology.  All together, there are
    a hundred or so newsgroups and mailing lists (most via listservers)
    that may be of particular interest to biologists.  They are listed below.


-*- 2.2. Netiquette

    The professionally-oriented newsgroups and mailing lists follow certain
    conventions of etiquette.  These are none other than those used by most
    people at public events such as academic conferences.  In fact, most of
    the science-related newsgroups (and mailing lists) are very much like
    mid-sized meetings of any professional society, except that they never
    end.  The participants come and go as they please, but the discussions
    and exchange of ideas and information continue as though they had a life
    of their own.

    Submitted articles tend to be of the following types:

    - Discussions on topics of general interest.  Discussions on specific
      topics, techniques, or organisms are also frequent.

    - Announcements of upcoming conferences or other events, calls for papers
      or grant proposal deadlines.  In Usenet, announcements can be set to
      expire (and thus disappear from the list of current articles), and may
      be limited in their distribution so that they are seen only by readers
      in the appropriate organization or geographical area (Beware, this
      feature is often leaky;  see section 2.3, Usenet).

    - Academic and professional job announcements, including many graduate
      fellowships.  These are generally posted in newsgroups/mailing lists
      reserved for such notices, often in advance of publication elsewhere.

    - Reports or comments on new books, papers, methods or software.  Full
      citation of sources is always appropriate and appreciated.  Requests
      for references or comments are also welcome and, when posed as specific
      questions of general interest, often lead to interesting discussions.

    Unacceptable articles include:

    - Commercial advertizements, political lobbying messages, and anything
      not pertaining directly to the topic or purview of the newsgroup or
      mailing list.  Discussions about some commercial products, especially
      books and software, are generally allowed as long as they do not
      constitute advertisements.

    - Requests by students for explicit answers to homework and exam or essay
      questions are generally not welcome.  Requests for help understanding
      problems in biology are welcome, but the requester should demonstrate
      at least a basic understanding of the question.

    Some helpful suggestions:

    - Read before you post (look before you leap)

    Before posting an article for the first time, read the discussions for
    a week or so.  Look for a "FAQ" document that covers frequently asked
    questions, before you make the mistake of asking one yourself.

    - Always include your full name and e-mail address

    Put these at the end of your message, with your usual signature.  You
    might want to use a .signature file (standard on most Unix systems, also
    implemented for Usenet and e-mail readers under VM/CMS) to make this
    automatic. This is necessary because strange things often happen to
    headers in e-mail or Usenet articles sent from one network to another.

    - Send private replies whenever appropriate

    Answers to very esoteric questions are often best sent directly to the
    person who asked for help, rather than to the newsgroup;  the choice of
    whether to post a (public) reply or send (private) e-mail is a personal
    decision.  If you send a reply by e-mail, and would prefer that it be
    kept private, you should say so in your note, because otherwise the other
    person may share your comments with others.  If the original poster
    promises to post a summary at the outset, then all replies should be
    sent by e-mail, unless they constitute an important re-direction of the
    original question.

    - Summarize the replies to your article

    Whenever a question or request for information results in many replies,
    it is expected that the person who posted the original article will
    compile and post a summary of the responses.

    - Use care when writing summaries

      - The "best" answers should come first.
      - All answers should be separated clearly, and nicely formatted.
      - Redundant, irrelevant or verbose comments, and errors of fact or
        spelling should be edited out.  It is appropriate to use square
        brackets and dots to indicate editing [...].
      - Exercise discretion and tact, to ensure a fair and accurate summary.
      - Unless they asked that their names be withheld, the contributors of
        each answer should be named and thanked, individually or as a group.

    - Avoid starting nasty arguments or "flame wars"

      - Be generous when interpreting the arguments of others.
      - Avoid jargon;  write as though addressing an educated lay audience.
      - Remember, the exercise will be good for you.

    If something you read angers you, save it for a few hours while you do
    something else (don't reply on an empty stomach).  Go back to it when
    you are calm and relaxed (and you have thought of a good rebuttal!).
    If you simply must say something highly critical, consider sending
    it via personal e-mail, rather than posting or mailing to the group.

    - Be careful about quotations, citations and copyrights

    The Internet has grown to the point where it has become reasonable to
    cite documents that exist officially only in an electronic version on
    the Internet.  And the issue of authenticity and version control has
    become extremely important.  Thus, it has become appropriate to express
    copyrights, and to specify within documents how they may or may not be
    used, both within the Internet and in print.  Please respect these
    restrictions, which are often very generous, and send the author e-mail
    if you have any doubts about the intended use of any Internet document.

    As a rule of thumb, you may freely cite or quote anything posted to a
    newsgroup or mailing list in that forum *only*.  For citations or quotes
    elsewhere, it is hoped, even expected, that you will first request express
    permission from the author, which is easy, given the author's e-mail
    address.  Although there has been a trend to cite specific articles posted
    in Usenet, it is generally satisfactory to use the "personal communication"
    formula, but for this reason you should request a specific, personal
    statement from the author that is directly relevant to and given in the
    context of the issue that you wish to address.


-*- 2.3. Usenet

    Usenet is a convention, in every sense of the word.

    Usenet is a system of organized "newsgroups" sharing many features with
    traditional newsletters, mailing lists and focused scientific societies.
    Usenet is Internet-based (although before the Internet existed it was
    distributed via UUCP), and strongly developed so that end users need
    know only how to interact with the particular Usenet "reader" program
    on their computers.  Features of Usenet that make it far superior to the
    two types of mailing lists generally include the sorting or "threading"
    of all articles on a related topic, control of the distribution of
    posted articles to hierarchical levels (e.g., the author's university,
    state, country, or continent--but this feature may "leak"), the ability
    to cancel an article even after it has been distributed, and automatic
    expiration of dated articles.  To test any of these features, especially
    the distribution control, try posting an article to misc.test;  your
    article will receive "echoes" from other sites that receive it.

    Usenet is "free", but not cheap;  because it requires a lot of computer
    disk space, and a certain amount of installation and regular maintenance
    work by a system administrator, not all computer systems carry Usenet.
    If Usenet is carried locally, it may still be necessary to prod the local
    Usenet administrator to add the bionet and bit.listserv newsgroups to the
    local "feed".  Usenet was created by two Duke University graduate students
    in 1979:  see Spafford (1993) for the definitive history of Usenet and a
    list of Usenet software for virtually every type of computer.

    To paraphrase Spafford and Salzenberg (1992):  Usenet is *not* a network.
    Usenet is an anarchy, with no laws and no one in charge.  No one has any
    real control outside of their own site.  Computer system administrators
    who distribute Usenet "feeds" to other sites gain some authority by virtue
    of being "upstream";  that is, they have some say over what newsgroups
    their "downstream" neighbors can receive.  Usenet feeds are stored at each
    site in "spools";  it is common for universities to have Usenet spools on
    one or two computers, and to allow everyone at the university to read
    Usenet news via "client" programs that connect to the remote "news server".

    The particular configuration of the Usenet feed to your university or
    organization determines whether the distribution control feature of most
    Usenet posting programs will work properly for you.  For example, the
    mailing lists for the bionet.* newsgroups are gated on the west coast of
    North America, and you might think that it is safe to post local items
    in a bionet.* newsgroup if you live elsewhere.  But many sites get their
    feed of bionet.* groups directly from the machine that runs the mailing
    lists, which is definitely outside your geographic area.  So your article
    will be distributed at your site, but will not be propagated from your
    site to any other site in your area if it must pass out of your region
    and then return through a separate feed to a university in the next city.
    Furthermore, it is a more efficient use of network resources to get as
    much Usenet traffic as possible from the nearest site available.  It is
    important, therefore, to do a little research on Usenet feeds in your area
    before asking your Usenet administrator to add one of the newsgroup
    hierarchies listed in section 2.3.2, Special Usenet Hierarchies and Gated
    Mailing Lists.

    Usenet etiquette:

      - New users should read the Usenet FAQs posted in news.announce.newusers.

      -    Use the misc.test newsgroup for posting test articles.  Be sure to
        test the distribution feature here.  Do not post test articles to
        other newsgroups.

      -    Use the expiration feature for job and conference announcments.

      -    When posting to more than one newsgroup, use the cross-posting feature
    so only one copy of your article goes out, but is seen by many people.

      -    Post (and cross-post) sparingly to groups that have associated mailing
    lists, to give a break to people who must read the groups via e-mail.

    The cross-posting of articles to more than one gated newsgroup is strongly
    discouraged, since the e-mail subscribers will get multiple copies of any
    cross-posted articles.  Usenet readers should be aware of proper etiquette
    for mailing lists when posting to gated newsgroups.


-*- 2.3.1. Newsgroups of Special Interest

    An "F" after the newsgroup name indicates a FAQ is available.  "M" means
    that the newsgroup is moderated.  "G" means that the newsgroup has a
    gateway to a parallel mailing list:  see section 2.3.2, Special Usenet
    Hierarchies and Gated Mailing Lists for details.

    alt.bbs.internet             F  Announcements of new Internet services
    alt.cyb-sys                     Cybernetics and Systems
    alt.info-theory                 Information theory a la Shannon
    alt.internet.access.wanted   F  Help getting full Internet access
    alt.internet.services        F  Announcements of new Internet resources
    alt.lang.sas                    SAS discussion
    alt.native                      Indigenous peoples
    alt.sci.*                [6 groups]
    alt.sustainable.agriculture
    alt.agriculture.*            [2 groups]

    bionet.agroforestry          G  Agroforestry research
    bionet.announce            FGM  Announcements
    bionet.biology.computational GM Comp. and math. applications in biology
    bionet.biology.n2-fixation   G  Biological nitrogen fixation
    bionet.biology.tropical      G  Tropical biology and ecology
    bionet.general              FG  General discussion
    bionet.genome.*              G  [3 groups:  Arabidopsis and chromosomes]
    bionet.immunology            G  Research in immunology
    bionet.info-theory          FG  Information theory applied to biology
    bionet.jobs                  G  Job opportunities in biology
    bionet.journals.contents    GM  Biological journal TOCs
    bionet.journals.note         G  Publication issues in biology
    bionet.molbio.ageing         G  Cellular and organismal ageing
    bionet.molbio.bio-matrix     G  Computer searches of biological databases
    bionet.molbio.embldatabank   G  Info about the EMBL Nucleic acid database
    bionet.molbio.evolution      G  Evolution, especially molecular
    bionet.molbio.gdb            G  The GDB database
    bionet.molbio.genbank        G  The GenBank nucleic acid database
    bionet.molbio.gene-linkage   G  Genetic linkage analysis.
    bionet.molbio.genome-program G  Human Genome Program issues
    bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts G  Tips on lab techniques and materials
    bionet.molbio.hiv            G  The molecular biology of HIV
    bionet.molbio.proteins       G  Proteins and protein database searches
    bionet.molbio.rapd           G  Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
    bionet.molbio.yeast         G  Yeast researchers' discussion
    bionet.neuroscience          G  Research issues in the neurosciences
    bionet.photosynthesis     G  Photosynthesis research
    bionet.plants                G  Plant biology, inc. genetics and ecology
    bionet.population-bio        G  Population biology, especially theory
    bionet.sci-resources        GM  Information about funding agencies, etc.
    bionet.software              G  Software for biology, esp. free/shareware
    bionet.software.*            G  [3 groups:  acedb, gcg, and sources]
    bionet.users.addresses       G  Help locating biologists who use e-mail
    bionet.virology              G  Research in virology
    bionet.women-in-bio          G  Discussion by and about women in biology
    bionet.xtallography          G  Protein crystallography

    bit.listserv.biosph-l        G  Biosphere, ecology, Discussion List
    bit.listserv.devel-l         G  Tech. Transfer in Internat. Development
    bit.listserv.ecolog-l        G  Ecological Society of America
    bit.listserv.edstat-l     G  Journal of Statistics Education List
    bit.listserv.ethology        G  Ethology List
    bit.listserv.medforum    MG  Medical Students Discussion
    bit.listserv.sas-l           G  SAS Discussion
    bit.listserv.scifraud        G  Discussion of Fraud in Science
    bit.listserv.spssx-l     G  SPSSX Statistical Discussion
    bit.listserv.stat-l          G  Statistical consulting
    bit.listserv.uigis-l         G  User Interface for GIS
    bit.listserv.vpiej-l         G  Electronic Publishing Discussion List

    comp.infosystems.gis        FG  Geograpical Information Systems
    comp.infosystems.gopher      F  The Internet gopher access tool
    comp.infosystems.wais        F  The Internet WAIS access tool
    comp.infosystems.www        The Internet WWW access tool
    comp.text.tex                F  TeX, LaTeX and related text format systems
    comp.theory.cell-automata    G  Cellular automata research
    comp.theory.dynamic-sys      G  Ergodic theory and dynamic systems
    comp.theory.self-org-sys     G  Topics related to self-organization

    embnet.news.admin         G  EMBnet news helpline for administrators
    embnet.general         G  General discussion
    embnet.net-dev            Network development discussion
    embnet.rpc                Technical discussion of data transfers

    info.grass.programmer       GM  GRASS GIS programmer issues
    info.grass.user             GM  GRASS GIS user issues

    math.stat.math            Mathematical statistics

    news.announce.important     FM  Important notices about Usenet
    news.announce.newusers       F  FAQs for new users of Usenet
    news.answers                FM  All FAQ documents
    news.lists                  FM  Statistics and data about Usenet

    sci.answers                GFM  FAQs pertaining to science
    sci.anthropology            Anthropology discussion
    sci.archaeology            Archaeology discussion
    sci.bio                      F  General biology discussion
    sci.bio.technology           G  Any topic relating to biotechnology
    sci.environment            Discussion of environmental issues
    sci.geo.*                [3 groups]
    sci.research.careers        Discussion of research careers in science
    sci.*                [60 other newsgroups]


-*- 2.3.2. Special Usenet Hierarchies and Gated Mailing Lists

    There has been a growing trend in the past few years to link mailing lists
    and newsgroups, and to create Usenet newsgroup hierarchies that are outside
    the "main stream".  Both being new, these two trends often go together.
    Some main-stream groups (e.g., sci.answers, sci.bio.technology and
    comp.infosystems.gis) are gated to (usually listserver) mailing lists, but
    most are not.

    None of the Usenet newsgroup hierarchies mentioned below are main-stream
    ones;  that is, they do not conform to all Usenet conventions, and
    consequently are carried by no more than 30-50% of Usenet sites.  This is
    not necessarily a bad thing, since few or no readers at most sites are
    biologists, and e-mail subscriptions are available for many groups.  If
    your site carries Usenet, but not these hierarcies, a simple request to
    your Usenet administrator might be all that's needed to get them too.
    But see the first part of section 2.3, Usenet for details about what to
    ask for.

    bionet.*

    For an e-mail subscription to any bionet newsgroup, send e-mail to
    [e-mail] if you live in Europe, or to [e-mail]
    otherwise.  Charters (brief descriptions) of some of these groups are
    given in the BIOSCI FAQ, posted in bionet.announce and available via
    gopher or anonymous FTP from net.bio.net in the directory pub/BIOSCI/
    or by e-mail on request from [e-mail]).

    bit.listserv.*

    As their names imply, the bit.listserv newsgroups started out as (and
    remain) listserver mailing lists.  Most of these mailing lists became
    so successful that gateways to Usenet were added by popular demand.  The
    appendix includes 100 or so other listserver mailing lists of interest
    to biologists;  those with Usenet gateways are listed in section 2.4.3,
    Gateways to Usenet.  Charters for each of these groups can be obtained
    from the listserver that administers each one.  See sections 2.4,
    Listserver Mailing Lists and 2.4.1, Commands for details about e-mail
    subscriptions and commands for interacting with listserver programs.

    comp.theory.*

    Send e-mail to Erik Fair, [e-mail], or see the list of
    mailing lists posted regularly in news.answers for details about e-mail
    subscriptions.

    embnet.*

    The European Molecular Biology Network (EMBnet) runs a group of Usenet
    newsgroups that are distributed in Europe.  E-mail subscriptions are
    available from [e-mail], and these newsgroups can be
    read and searched via gopher and WAIS on bioftp.unibas.ch.  Send general
    e-mail queries to [e-mail].

    info.*

    These groups are mailing lists with gateways to Usenet at the University
    of Illinois.  See section 2.5, Other Mailing Lists for e-mail subscription
    information, or ask your local Usenet administrator to get these groups.

    lter.*

    The Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTERnet) has a setup similar
    to that of EMBnet.  Ask [e-mail] about e-mail subscriptions,
    or see the gopher on lternet.edu.


-*- 2.3.3. Usenet FAQs about Usenet

    You are strongly encouraged to read the following introductory and
    etiquette FAQs before posting any messages to any newsgroup.  They are
    what might be considered the "mandatory course" for new users, and
    are posted frequently in the Usenet newsgroup news.newusers.announce.

    See section 5, Useful and Important FAQs for a list of additional FAQs
    of general use or interest to biologists, section 5.1, What's a FAQ and
    where can I get one? and section 3.6.2, Anonymous FTP for instructions
    on how to get copies by anonymous FTP or e-mail if you don't have access
    to a Usenet reader.

               Title                            Archive filename
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

            Introductory information

    What is Usenet?                             what-is-usenet/part1
    Answers to Frequently Asked Questions       usenet-faq/part1
        about Usenet
    Introduction to news.announce        news-announce-intro/part1

            Etiquette issues

    A Primer on How to Work With the            usenet-primer/part1
        Usenet Community
    Emily Postnews Answers Your Questions       emily-postnews/part1
        on Netiquette
    Hints on writing style for Usenet           usenet-writing-style/part1
    Rules for posting to Usenet                 posting-rules/part1

            Technical issues

    How to Create a New Usenet Newsgroup        creating-newsgroups/part1
    USENET Software:  History and Sources       usenet-software/part1
    How to become a USENET site                 site-setup
    NetNews/Listserv Gateway Policy             bit/policy
    UNIX BBS Software FAQ with Answers          unix-faq/bbs-software
    Introduction to the news.answers        news-answers/introduction
        newsgroup
    Instructions for posting to news.answers    news-answers/guidelines


-*- 2.4. Listserver Mailing Lists

    It is very important that you keep a list of all mailing lists to which
    you are subscribed, along with the address of the list administrator
    and the address you used when you subscribed, if you have more than one.
    This is because you will need to unsubscribe yourself if you go away on
    vacation or your address changes.  Otherwise any mail sent to you from
    the list may bounce or cause other, sometimes severe problems.  And it's
    easier to check the address etc. when you want to tell friends how they
    can subscribe too.

    The appendix at the end of this guide includes most listserver mailing
    lists of particular interest or use to biologists.  Internet addresses
    are given whenever possible, and all addresses are in standard Internet
    format, with the exception that portions of the Internet node names that
    reflect original Bitnet node names are given in uppercase, for the
    convenience of readers on Bitnet nodes.

    Listservers were developed first many years ago on Bitnet, when Eric
    Thomas wrote a computer program named "LISTSERV" that could act like
    a regular computer user:  receiving and sending out e-mail, and keeping
    files.  LISTSERV is now used on hundreds of computers around the world,
    and a number of copy-cat programs with similar features are used at many
    other sites.  Whichever program is used, these listservers are given the
    task of maintaining multiple electronic mailing lists, handling all
    membership requests (subscriptions and cancellation of subscriptions, and
    so on).  Many list owners collect monthly logs of all messages sent to
    the list, and some also provide files of other information.  Eric Thomas's
    LISTSERV program does this automatically, and listservers running this
    program can send "back issue" logs and other files on request.

    Anastasios Kotsikonas has written a similar listserver program for use
    on Unix computers, named "listserv", and the name of a listserver running
    his program is always listserv@<computer address>.  This has become a
    very popular listserver program outside of Bitnet.  The basic subscription
    functions use commands identical to the LISTSERV program, so these are
    not distinguished from true Bitnet LISTSERV listservers.

    Mailing lists run by listservers with slightly different command protocols
    are listed in section 2.5, Other Mailing Lists, together with mailing lists
    run by hand.  Other listservers include "mailbase" and "MAILSERV", both
    written for Bitnet nodes in Europe.  For documents about using mailbase,
    send e-mail to [e-mail] with the text

    send mailbase user-guide    for the lengthly User's Guide
    send mailbase user-card        for a short version of the Guide

    You can get an extensive topical directory of academic mailing lists,
    compiled by Diane Kovacs, [e-mail]:  send e-mail to
    [e-mail] with the text

    get acadlist readme

    Charles Bailey posts a directory, Library-Oriented Lists and Electronic
    Serials, to the newsgroup bit.listserv.pacs-l on a regular basis.

    Mailing list etiquette:

      - Whenever possible, Bitnet users should use the Bitnet address of a list
        and its listserver;  Internet users should use the Internet address.

      -    Keep a record of your subscriptions, and a copy of any instructions
    that you receive with your subscription.

      -    Remember to unsubscribe or otherwise turn off your subscriptions
    before your e-mail address changes or you go away on vacation.

      -    Avoid sending articles to more than one mailing list.

      -    Be concise or, if your article is more than a few hundred lines long,
        warn your readers in the Subject line.

    A note for users on JANET nodes (in the United Kingdom):  you may be
    able to get subscriptions to Bitnet listserver mailing lists via
    [e-mail].  Send e-mail to that address with the text

    info ?

    for more information.  This saves electronic transmission costs by having
    a single subscription propagated across the Atlantic Ocean, and then
    re-distributing it to multiple subscribers in the U.K. and elsewhere in
    Europe.


-*- 2.4.1. Commands

    Being computer programs, with nothing else to do, listservers just sit
    and wait for e-mail to arrive, read it, and perform the appropriate task,
    usually immediately.  They respond only to a small set of commands.  A
    summary (Thomas 1993) of these commands can be retrieved by sending the
    message "send listserv refcard" to any listserver.  The main listserver
    is [e-mail], but there are many listservers around the
    world.  Specificially, there is one on each computer for which a mailing
    list is mentioned in the appendix.  Most listservers maintain more than
    one mailing list.

    To subscribe to any of these mailing lists, send e-mail to the listserver
    at the same address.  For example, subscriptions to the Smithsonian
    Institution's biological conservation list, CONSLINK, may be obtained by
    sending the message

        subscribe conslink <Your Name>

    to [e-mail].  To turn off mail from a list temporarily (e.g.,
    while you are away on vacation), send the message

    set <listname> nomail

    and to unsubscribe permanently (e.g., because your e-mail address is about
    to change), send the message

    unsubscribe <listname>

    Send subscription and other administrative requests to the listserver,
    not the list;  e-mail messages sent directly to the mailing list will
    (generally) be sent to all the list subscribers.  Only the listserver
    can process subscription requests, and the listserver only knows about
    requests that it receives directly.

    LISTSERV programs of version 1.7f and higher have a very useful feature
    that lets you receive a daily digest (actually a concatenation, with a
    table of contents) instead of many individual articles.  Send e-mail to
    the apropriate listserver with the message:

    set <listname> digest


-*- 2.4.2. Archives

    In addition to handling the membership requests for particular mailing
    lists, most listservers also archive all messages sent to each list in
    monthly log files.  These files, along with other items contributed by
    list subscribers, are archived by the listserver and can be retrieved
    by e-mail.  [e-mail] keeps an archive of various lists of
    conservation organizations and field stations, several newsletters, and
    a large collection of bibliographic references relating to biological
    conservation.  [e-mail] keeps an archive of job openings and
    conference announcements submitted to the Ecological Society of America.

    Commands for retrieving files from listserver archives are described
    in the listserver command reference guide (Thomas 1993), and include:

        help                to get generally useful information
    review <listname>        to get the list of subscribers
    index <listname>        to get the list of archived files
        get listserv refcard         to get a short summary of commands
        get listfaq memo        to get a FAQ about listservers

    Sending the message "info" to a listserver will result in a list of
    information guides including:

    REFcard    (LISTSERV REFCARD)  Command reference card
    FAQ        (LISTFAQ  MEMO   )  Frequently Asked Questions
    PResent    (LISTPRES MEMO   )  Presentation of LISTSERV for new users
    GENintro   (LISTSERV MEMO   )  General information about Revised LISTSERV
    KEYwords   (LISTKEYW MEMO   )  Description of list header keywords
    AFD        (LISTAFD  MEMO   )  Description of Automatic File Distribution
    FILEs      (LISTFILE MEMO   )  Description of the file-server functions
    LPunch     (LISTLPUN MEMO   )  Description of the LISTSERV-Punch file fmt.
    JOB        (LISTJOB  MEMO   )  Description of the Command Jobs feature
    DISTribute (LISTDIST MEMO   )  Description of Relayed File Distribution
    COORDinat  (LISTCOOR MEMO   )  Information about Listserv Coordination
    FILEOwner  (LISTFOWN MEMO   )  Information guide for file owners
    DATABASE   (LISTDB   MEMO   )  Description of the database functions
    UDD        (LISTUDD  MEMO   )  User Directory Database User's Guide
    UDDADMIN   (LISTUDDA MEMO   )  UDD Administrator's Guide

    To get any one of these, send the message "info <keyword>" where <keyword>
    is, for instance, "REFcard" or "FAQ".  Only the portion in capitals is
    required.


-*- 2.4.3. Gateways to Usenet

    Some of the listserver mailing lists in the appendix below are also
    Usenet newsgroups:

    [e-mail]  is bit.listserv.biosph-l
    [e-mail]          is sci.bio.technology
    [e-mail]     is bit.listserv.devel-l
    [e-mail]         is bit.listserv.ecolog-l
    [e-mail]      is bit.listserv.edstat-l
    [e-mail]       is bit.listserv.ethology
    [e-mail]     is comp.infosystems.gis
    info-tex@                     is comp.text.tex (gate is list-->group only)
    [e-mail] is bit.listserv.medforum (custom gate)
    [e-mail]          is bit.listserv.sas-l
    [e-mail]  is sci.answers (gate is group-->list only)
    [e-mail]      is bit.listserv.spssx-l
    [e-mail]          is bit.listserv.stat-l
    [e-mail]   is bit.listserv.uigis-l
    [e-mail]       is bit.listserv.vpiej-l

    American University has established itself as the clearing house and
    semi-official keeper of automated gateways between listserver mailing
    lists and Usenet newsgroups.  Questions about the procedure for
    establishing a gateway for any mailing list or newsgroup may be posted to
    the Usenet newsgroup bit.admin or sent to [e-mail].
    A FAQ on this topic appears regularly in the bit.admin newsgroup.


-*- 2.5. Other Mailing Lists

    Remember to save any instructions you receive about unsubscribing from
    a mailing list.  Mailing lists that do not use listserv-style commands
    for subscribing and unsubscribing include:

    Topic or name                Mailing list address
    Subscription instructions
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    American Society of Mammalogists
    Send all subscription requests and submissions to the editor,
    mnhvz049@SIVM (via Bitnet) or [e-mail].

    Arabidopsis thal. database announcements    [e-mail]
    Contact Mike Cherry, [e-mail].

    Artificial life digest            [e-mail]
    Send all subscription requests to [e-mail].

    Behavioral ecology digest            [e-mail]
    [e-mail]

    Biological Anthropology, Primatology    [e-mail]
    Send "subscribe humbio <Your Name>" to [e-mail].

    Biological timing and circadian rhythms
    [e-mail]       cbt-general-request@@virginia.edu

    Biology information systems            [e-mail]
    Contact Reinhard Doelz, [e-mail].

    Bulletin for bryologists            [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to the owner, Jan-Peter Frahm, [e-mail].

    Cytometry discussion
    [e-mail]  [e-mail]

    Dendrome forest tree genome mapping digest
       Send all subscription requests and submissions to the editor,
       [e-mail].

    Dinosaurs and other archosaurs    [e-mail]
    [e-mail]

    Discover Insight Biosym Users' Group
    [e-mail]  dibug-request@...

    Entomology discussion            [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to the owner, Mark O'Brien, [e-mail].

    Environmentalists digest            [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to the owner, Josh Knaur, [e-mail].

    Fish and Wildlife Biology        [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail]

    Forestry discussion                [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail]

    Genstat statistics package discussion    [e-mail]
    Send "subscribe genstat <Your Name>" to [e-mail].

    GIS digest
       Send all subscription requests and submissions to the editor,
       [e-mail].

    GIS Users in the United Kingdom        [e-mail]
    Send "subscribe geocal <Your Name>" to [e-mail].

    Killifish, Cyprinodontidae            [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail]

    Neotropical birds discussion        [e-mail]
    Contact [e-mail] (Roberto Phillips)

    Neural networks digest            [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail]

    Orchids                     [e-mail]
    Send "subscribe orchids <Your Name>" to [e-mail].

    Plant Taxonomy                [e-mail]
    Send "join plant-taxonomy <Your Name>" to [e-mail].

    Primate discussion                [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to the owner, [e-mail].

    Prion Research Digest            [unknown]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail].

    The S statistics package            [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail].

    SANET-MG Sustainable Agriculture Network    [e-mail]
    Send e-mail with the text "subscribe sanet-mg" or "send guide" or
    "send catalog" to [e-mail].

    Tropical biology (in Spanish)        [e-mail]
    [e-mail]

    Tropical ecology (in Spanish)    [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail]

    Young Scientists' Network        [e-mail]
    Send e-mail to [e-mail] with the Subject
    (not text) "subscribe" or "send info".

    Volcano list
    Send all subscription requests and submissions to the editor,                   Jon Fink, aijhf@ASUACAD (via Bitnet) or [e-mail].


    There is a 4-part FAQ in news.answers (da Silva 1993) that includes
    brief descriptions of the charter of each mailing list.  This FAQ is
    stored in FAQ archives in the directory /mailing-lists/.

    A very long (1.2 megabytes) list of lists is available via anonymous FTP
    from ftp.nisc.sri.com in netinfo/interest-groups or (in compressed form)
    netinfo/interest-groups.Z.  It can also be obtained via e-mail by sending
    the message "send netinfo/interest-groups" to [e-mail].
    There is a printed, indexed version, titled "Internet:  Mailing Lists",
    that can be purchased from Prentice Hall.  However, this list is up-dated
    through submissions, and thus is incomplete and not very correct.


-*- 2.6. Newsletters

    Many of the mailing lists mentioned in the above section are actually
    digests, where readers' queries and comments are condensed into a
    single large document that is distributed periodically.  Yet another
    variation on this theme is electronic newsletters.  Those not listed
    elsewhere in this guide include:

    * Animal Behavior Society Newsletter.  Editor James C. Ha,
      [e-mail].

    * Boissiera.  Editor ? <[e-mail]>

    * Candollea.  Editor ? <[e-mail]>

    * Flora Online.  A journal for collections-oriented botanists published
      by the Clinton Herbarium, Buffalo Museum of Science, New York USA.
      Editor Richard H. Zander, [e-mail].  Available via gopher
      and anonymous FTP from huh.harvard.edu.

    * Bean Bag: Leguminosae Research Newsletter, edited by Charles R. Gunn
      and Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., [e-mail].  Available
      via gopher and anonymous FTP from huh.harvard.edu.

    * Botanical Electronic News (BEN), edited by Adolf Ceska, Canada.
      Available via gopher and anonymous FTP from huh.harvard.edu, and
      the wildnet mailing list.

    * Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) Newsletter, Australia
      Available via gopher and anonymous FTP from huh.harvard.edu.

    * LTER Data Management Bulletin (DATABITS).  Available via gopher on
      lternet.edu.

    * Climate/Ecosystem Dynamics (CED).  E-mail subscriptions are available
      from Daniel Pommert, [e-mail], gopher access
      available via lternet.edu.

    * The Chlamydomonas Newsletter.  E-mail subscriptions are available from
      Mike Adams, [e-mail].  You can also get this newsletter
      via gopher from gopher.duke.edu and via anonymous FTP from
      acpub.duke.edu in pub/chlamy/.

    The paper journal The Scientist is available in an online version via
    anonymous FTP on ds.internic.net, in pub/the-scientist, courtesy of the
    Institute for Scientific Information and the NSF Network Service Center.

    Michael Strangelove, [e-mail] has compiled a directory
    of electronic serials.  To retrieve it, send e-mail with the text

    get ejournl1 directry
    get ejournl2 directry

    to [e-mail].


-*- 3. Information Archives

    A number of people have begun to organize the many free biological
    information archives, databases and services on the Internet into
    well-organized menus using gopher servers.  These include Don Gilbert's
    IUBIO service on ftp.bio.indiana.edu and Mike Cherry's collection on
    weeds.mgh.harvard.edu in the United States, Rob Harper's "Finnish EMBnet
    BioBox" on gopher.csc.fi in Finland, and Reinhard Doelz's "Information
    servers in biology (gopher based)" on gopher.embnet.unibas.ch in
    Switzerland.

    Yanoff (1993) is an excellent list of unusual and useful Internet
    services, a few of which are mentioned in this guide.  Services listed
    include:  an on-line dictionary, weather maps, a general weather report
    service, an archive of statistical programs and data sets, and various
    computers allowing public telnet sessions so that people who have Internet
    access but not Usenet can read and post Usenet articles.

    Stern (1993) offers an extensive list of anonymous FTP archives offering
    meteorological data.


-*- 3.1. Bibliographies

    Many Internet archives have searchable bibliographic databases, complete
    with abstracts.  Only a few are mentioned here.

    The US Department of Energy (DOE) Climate Data database and the NASA
    Global Change Data Directory are archived via WAIS on ridgisd.er.usgs.gov.

    The North American Benthological Society (NABS) offers a bibliography of
    recent literature in benthic biology via a gopher server on gopher.nd.edu.
    The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has put a bibliographic
    database and catalog of data sets in a gopher server on lternet.edu.  (The
    actual data is not available online.)  Check the French gopher server on
    gopher.genethon.fr for bibliographies of sequence analysis and human
    genome research papers.

    The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Extension Service offers the
    Research Results Database (RRDB), containing brief summaries of recent
    research from the USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and
    Economic Research Service (ERS), by e-mail.  For details, send the
    e-mail message "send guide" to [e-mail].  To receive notices
    of new RRDB titles, send the message "subscribe usda.rrdb".

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Library on-line
    database can be accessed for bibliographic searches via anonymous telnet
    to epaibm.rtpnc.epa.gov.  A collection of GIS-related bibliographies is
    available via anonymous FTP from bastet.sbs.ohio-state.edu.

    Various Usenet newsgroups and mailing lists provide the tables of contents
    (TOCs) for current issues of a few journals of interest to biologists.
    Tom Schneider distributes Unix AWK scripts for converting many of these
    TOCs into BibTeX-style bibliography records:  these scripts are posted in
    the Usenet newsgroup bionet.journals.note.  The journal TOCs available in
    bionet.journals.contents include:

       Applied and Environmental Microbiology
       CABIOS
       EMBO Journal
       Journal of Bacteriology
       Journal of Biological Chemistry
       Journal of Virology
       Molecular and Cellular Biology
       Molecular Microbiology
       Nucleic Acids Research

    The CONSLINK listserver mailing list keeps a large bibliography of
    conservation biology research papers on its archive (see section 2.4.2,
    Archives for instructions on accessing listserver archives).

    The American Physiological Society offers TOCs for the following
    journals via gopher on gopher.uth.tmc.edu (port 3300):

       Advances in Physiology Education
       American Journal of Physiology (6 consolidated journals)
       Journal of Applied Physiology
       Journal of Neurophysiology
       News in Physiological Sciences
       Physiological Reviews
       The Physiologist

    Other publishers supporting Internet access to information about their
    publications include

        Publisher            Address            Access
        --------------------------------------------------------------
    Addison-Wesley            world.std.com        ftp
    O'Reilly & Associates         gopher.ora.com        gopher
    Kluwer Academic Publishers    world.std.com        ftp


-*- 3.2. Directories

    Searchable directories of scientists and research projects currently
    funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science
    Foundation (NSF), Department of Agriculture (USDA), and genome researchers
    funded by several other departments, together with several topical
    directories, are available via gopher on merlot.welch.jhu.edu.  Searches
    on researcher name, location, and field of interest are supported.

    A directory of researchers using Artificial Intelligence in Molecular
    Biology (AIMB) is maintained at the National Library of Medicine.  To
    be included, send e-mail to Larry Hunter, [e-mail].
    A directory of people who read the bionet.* newsgroups is available via
    gopher and anonymous FTP from net.bio.net;  you can add yourself to the
    directory via gopher or e-mail (see instructions on net.bio.net).

    Several directories of ecologists and plant biologists are kept on
    huh.harvard.edu, which is accessible via gopher and anonymous FTP.
    A directory of tropical biologists is kept in the Ecology and Evolution
    section of the gopher/anonymous FTP archive on sunsite.unc.edu.


-*- 3.3. Software

    Several archives specializing in software for biologists are accessible
    via gopher and anonymous FTP.  Some of these are listed in section 3.5,
    List of Archives.  The first such archive in South America is the
    Brazilian Medical Informatics archive, ccsun.unicamp.br.  The IUBio
    archive on ftp.bio.indiana.edu probably has the best collection in the
    United States.  Botanists will appreciate the TAXACOM archive on
    huh.harvard.edu.

    Also, wuarchive.wustl.edu has an excellent collection of educational
    software, especially for teaching mathematics at the college and
    university levels.  The National Center for Supercomputing Applications
    has developed a collection of outstanding software tools for electronic
    communications and image analysis, and makes it publicly available on
    zaphod.ncsa.uiuc.edu.  Many of the latest add-on tools for the popular
    LaTeX text formatting system are archived on sun.soe.clarkson.edu,
    while sumex-aim.stanford.edu has a huge archive of Macintosh software,
    and nic.ddn.mil keeps the important Internet RFC (Request for Comments)
    documents.

    Jan-Peter Frahm has made available via e-mail "A Guide to Botanical
    Software for MS-DOS Computers".  The software is shareware or in the
    public domain.  For a copy, write him at [e-mail].
    Bionet.software is a good place to look for information about specific
    software programs with applications to biology.  There are many Usenet
    groups devoted to discussion of software, particularly freeware and
    shareware.  The well-known, huge anonymous FTP repositories of software
    are all mentioned in various published guides to the Internet (Kehoe 1992,
    Krol 1992, Lane and Summerhill 1992, LaQuey and Ryer 1992, Malamud 1992,
    Tennant et al. 1993), and are part of the common knowledge of many Usenet
    newsgroups.


-*- 3.4. Data

    The wealth of data available on the Internet is staggering, but it is also
    widely dispersed and often difficult to track down.  Rather than compile a
    list of data sets and pointers to their locations, this guide gives a list
    of locations with only a name or phrase to suggest what data may be found
    there (see section 3.5, List of Archives).  Many Usenet FAQs (see section
    5, Useful and Important FAQs) and other Internet documents mentioned in
    this guide attempt to list available databases, but many more are known
    only by word-of-mouth.  The Usenet newsgroup sci.answers (also a mailing
    list;  see section 2.4.3, Gateways to Usenet) carries many lists that are
    updated frequently.


-*- 3.4.1. Repositories

    Various genome and other cooperative projects are now well established on
    the Internet, with large, highly organized databases that support ever more
    powerful and complex interactive or batch search queries.  Most now support
    WAIS and gopher search access, and are listed in section 3.5, List of
    Archives.  The future utility of these repositories depends on the donation
    of data by individual researchers.  Questions, as well as data submissions
    and corrections, can be sent to the relevant administrators via e-mail
    (after Garavelli 1992):

    Database                Address of administrator
    --------                ------------------------
    AAtDB (Arabidopsis thaliana)    [e-mail]
    ACEDB (Caenorhabditis elegans)    [e-mail] and
                        [e-mail]
    Brookhaven                [e-mail]
    DDBJ                [e-mail]
    EDEX and JARS (Forest Ecology)    [e-mail]
    EMBL problems, feedback        [e-mail]
     software submissions, queries    [e-mail]
         Data Library enquiries        [e-mail]
         Data Library submissions    [e-mail]
    FlyBase (Drosophila)        [e-mail]
    Inst. of Forest Genetics DB (IFGDB) [e-mail]
    GDB                    [e-mail]
    GenBank                [e-mail]
    NCBI                [e-mail]
    PIR                    [e-mail]
    SWISS-PROT                [e-mail]

    LiMB, the Listing of Molecular Biology databases (Keen et al. 1992)
    describes most of these databases, and many more, including the names,
    regular mail addresses and telephone numbers of their keepers.  To get
    the current version of LiMB by e-mail, send the text "limb-data" to
    [e-mail].  For information only, send "limb-info".  LiMB
    is available in hardcopy or on floppy disk:  contact [e-mail].


-*- 3.4.2. Search Engines

    The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) supports various types
    of searches via e-mail.  For more information, send the text "help" in
    e-mail to any one of these servers:

    EMBL File Server        [e-mail]
        FASTA                [e-mail]
    Quicksearch             [e-mail]
        Swiss-Prot MPsrch        [e-mail]

    The Sequence Retrival System (SRS) program for VAX VMS computer systems
    is available via anonymous FTP on the Norwegian EMBnet node biomed.uio.no
    or genetics.upenn.edu (USA).

    Three U.S. herbaria now provide e-mail search support of:

    Type specimens of the mint family from the Harvard Herbaria,
    comprising 1100 records.

    The complete herbarium catalog of Michigan State University,
    Kellog Biological Station Herbarium, an NSF LTER site, consisting
    of 6000 specimen records.

    The Flora of Mt. Kinabalu;  16,300 specimen records of all vascular
    plant collections from the mountain.

    E-mail addresses for sending queries are:

          Harvard Mint Types:    [e-mail]
          Kellogg Herbarium:     [e-mail]
          Flora of Mt. Kinabalu: [e-mail]

    Send the message "help" to receive a usage guide, and if you think
    there might be difficulties with your return address, send that as
    well by adding a line with the text "replyaddress=" followed by your
    prefered e-mail address.

    Anyone who does a lot of field work will appreciate the Geographic Name
    Server, which can provide the latitude and longitude, and the elevation
    of most places in the United States:  all cities and counties are covered,
    as well as some national parks and some geographical features (mountains,
    rivers, lakes, etc.).  Telnet to martini.eecs.umich.edu, port 3000 (no
    username needed) and type "help" for instructions.


-*- 3.5. List of Archives

    Computer sites supporting some sort of public access, and of some
    interest to biologists:

    Internet node name            Topic/Agency        Access method
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (MD USA)        NCBI              f
    ftp.embl-heidelberg.de (Germany)    EMBL Data Library    E f g
    coli.polytechnique.fr (France)    EMBLnet                G
    fly.bio.indiana.edu (IN USA)    Genbank                G
    ftp.bchs.uh.edu (TX USA)        Genbank, PIR           f G
    helix.nih.gov (MD USA)        Genbank, PDB, PIR etc.        G
    ncifcrf.gov    (MD USA)        Biol. Information Theory  f
    finsun.csc.fi (Finland)        Prosite, Rebase-Enzyme        G
    pdb.pdb.bnl.gov (NY USA)        Protein Data Bank        G
    ftp.tigr.org            Inst. for Genomic Rsch.      f
    golgi.harvard.edu (MA USA)                      f
    megasun.bch.umontreal.ca        Molecular evolution        G
    nic.funet.fi (Finland)
    gopher.csc.fi (Finland)

    world.std.com            A major entry-point      f G
    sunsite.unc.edu (NC USA)        Many subjects         E f G t    [4]
    gopher.ciesin.org            Earth Sciences            G
    pinus.slu.se (Sweden)        Agriculture            G
    locus.nalusda.go (USA)        Nat. Agri. Library        G

    s27w007.pswfs.gov (USA)        Forest Genetics            G
    biomed.uio.no (Norway)        Genome                  T
    gopher.embnet.unibas.ch (Switzer.)
    biox.embnet.unibas.ch (Switzerland)    Genome                G
    merlot.welch.jhu.edu (MD USA)    Genome                 G
    weeds.mgh.harvard.edu (MA USA)    Arabidopsis, C. elegans        G
    mendel.agron.iastate.edu (IA USA)    Soy genome            G
    greengenes.cit.cornell.edu (NY USA)    Triticeae genome        G
    teosinte.agron.missouri.edu    (USA)    Maize genome            G
    gopher.duke.edu (NC USA)        Chlamydomonas            G    [2]
    picea.cfnr.colostate.edu (CO USA)                  f
    poplar1.cfr.washington.edu (WA USA)    Populus genetics      f

    mobot.org (MO USA)            Missouri Bot. Garden      f
    life.anu.edu.au (Australia)        Bioinformatics          f G
    igc.org (CA USA)            EcoNet              f
    gopher.yale.edu (CT USA)         LTERnet, EDEX, JARS        g
    lternet.edu (WA USA)        LTERnet                G
    spider.ento.csiro.au (Australia)    Entomology          f
    gopher.uth.tmc.edu (port 3300)      Physiology            G
    envirolink.hss.cmu.edu (DE USA)    Environment            G T [6]
    ecosys.drdr.virginia.edu (VA USA)    Ecosystems            G T
    ngdc1.ngdc.noaa.gov (USA)        Paleoclimatology      f    [1]
    huh.harvard.edu (MA USA)        Harvard Univ. Herbaria      f G
    simsc.si.edu (DC USA)        Smithsonian Inst.      f    [3]
    ucmp1.berkeley.edu (CA USA)        Vertebrate museum        G
    bdt.ftpt.br (Brazil)        Biodiversity          f G
    coli.polytechnique.fr (France)    Molecular evolution        G
    fconvx.ncifcrf.gov (MD USA)        Mathematical Biology      f

    bluehen.ags.udel.edu (DE USA)    Entomology            G
    minerva.forestry.umn.edu (MN USA)    Forestry            G
    ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu (CA USA)        Biology                G
    evolution.genetics.washington.edu    Evolution          f
    evolution.bchs.uh.edu (TX USA)    Evolution          f

    martini.eecs.umich.edu (MI USA)    Geographic Name Server          t [7]
    wigeo.wu-wien.ac.at    (Austria)    Geography            G
    geogopher.ucdavis.edu (CA USA)    Geology                G
    isdres.er.usgs.gov (VA USA)        US Geological Survey      f
    pippin.memst.edu            CERI Earthquake Center        G
    cdiac.esd.ornl.gov            CDIAC              f
    saturn.soils.umn.edu (MN USA)    Geology                G
    kiawe.soest.hawaii.edu (HA USA)    Generic Mapping Tools      f
    tycho.usno.navy.mil            U.S. Naval Observatory          t [8]
    nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov        NSSDC On-Line Service          t [9]

    granta.uchicago.edu (IL USA)     Physics Resources        G
    xyz.lanl.gov (NM USA)        LANL Nonlinear Science         G
    mentor.lanl.gov (NM USA)        LANL Physics             G
    info.mcs.anl.gov (IL USA)        Argonne National Lab.      f

    stis.nsf.gov (DC USA)        Nat. Science Foundation      f G
    rtfm.mit.edu (MA USA)        Usenet FAQ repository    e f    [5]
    jse.stat.ncsu.edu (NC USA)        Journal of Stat. Educ.    f G
    ftp.sas.com (NC USA)                SAS-related information   f
    zaphod.ncsa.uiuc.edu (IN USA)    Supercomputing          f
    lupulus.ssc.gov            Young Scientists Net.      f
    ksuvxa.kent.edu            Directory of lists      f
    sun.soe.clarkson.edu        LaTeX tools          f

    e - e-mail file requests (see notes this section for e-mail addresses).
    E - e-mail search requests (see notes this section).
    f - anonymous FTP (see section 3.7, Access by Email if you cannot use FTP).
    g - gopher server
    G - gopher server plus WAIS index searches
    t - public telnet access
    T - public telnet access plus e-mail returns of search results
    W - WAIS server plus WAIS index searches

    Notes:

        1: [e-mail];
        2: [e-mail];
        3: [e-mail];
        4: [e-mail], telnet username "swais" for WAIS seaches,
           telnet username "gopher" for plain gopher access;
        5: see section 3.6.2, Anonymous FTP and section 3.7, Access by E-mail;
    6: Telnet username "gopher", password "envirolink";
    7: Use port 3000, no username, "help" gets instructions;
        8: Telnet username "ads";
    9: Telnet username "nodis"


-*- 3.6. Access Tools

    All Internet tools share the quirk that they are actually three things:
    a "server" or "daemon" program that runs all the time on a host computer
    and accepts requests to connect over the Internet, a "client" program that
    people use to connect to or access these servers, and a standard protocol
    that allows many different versions of clients and servers to talk to one
    another without difficulty.

    Most of the recently published books about the Internet describe these
    tools in detail.  Kehoe (1992), the first to appear, was offered first
    in a free electronic version over the Internet;  it is still available
    from many anonymous FTP archives around the world, in a directory named
    something like pub/zen/.  Krol (1992) has received excellent reviews.
    See the bibliography for other books.

    A new item:  the EARN Association has published a Guide to Network
    Resource Tools (May 3, 1993), which is available via e-mail from
    [e-mail], by sending the message "get nettools ps" for
    a PostScript version or "get nettools memo" for a plain text version.
    The guide covers almost every tool mentioned here, including example.

    A few host computers mentioned in this guide allow the public to telnet
    to the host, and then use the host computer to access servers via gopher,
    WAIS or the Web.  These arrangements are offered as a courtesy to those
    people who do not have the necessary client software on their own
    computers, and want to try these tools before going to the trouble of
    installing the client software themselves.  Although licensing has been
    discussed for some of these tools (namely, certain versions of gopher),
    at present they are all free, and several are explicitly in the public
    domain or carry free GNU licenses.


-*- 3.6.1. Telnet

    Telnet allows someone using a computer with full Internet access to access
    another computer over the Internet and login there, assuming he or she has
    login privileges on that computer as well.  Anonymous telnet sessions are
    generally not permitted, but occasionally usernames are created with
    restricted privileges, for use by the Internet public.  Several of these
    are listed in section 3.5, List of Archives, and in Yanoff (1993).


-*- 3.6.2. Anonymous FTP

    FTP stands for file transfer protocol, and is the name of a program used
    for file transfers between computers with full Internet access, assuming
    you have privileges on both the local and remote computers.  Anonymous FTP
    is a common practice whereby anyone on the Internet may transfer files from
    (and sometimes to) a remote system with the userid "anonymous" and an
    arbitrary password.  By convention, anonymous FTP users provide their
    e-mail addresses when asked for a password.  This is useful to those
    archive managers who must justify to their bosses the time spent providing
    this free (but not cheap) service.  Some sites restrict when transfers may
    be made from their archives, and most prefer that large transfers be made
    only during off-hours (relative to that site).


-*- 3.6.3. Gopher

    Gopher is a user-interface program that makes FTP and other types of
    connections for computer users when they select an item in a menu.  It
    is an easy way to get stuff off the Internet without having to know
    where the stuff lives.  Gopher is free, and there are nice versions
    for most types of computers, especially Unix workstations and Macs.
    It was invented at the University of Minnesota;  current versions can
    be retrieved via anonymous FTP from boombox.micro.umn.edu.  The name
    is a clever pun on the "go-for" person who runs errands for people,
    and on the burrowing rodent, which pops down a "hole" in the Internet
    and comes back up who-knows-where.  Bionet.general, bionet.software,
    and bionet.users.addresses are good places to learn more about biology-
    related gopher services.  Comp.infosystems.gopher is the newsgroup
    for gopher-related issues in general.  The FAQ for this group is stored
    on rtfm.mit.edu in the file pub/usenet/news.answers/gopher-faq.
    There is an entire chapter on gopher in Krol (1992).


-*- 3.6.4. Archie

    Archie helps people locate items (documents, software, etc.) in thousands
    of anonymous FTP archives around the world.  Archie clients for many types
    of computer, and documentation, can be retrieved via anonymous FTP from
    any archie server (see below) in the /pub/archie/doc/ directory, or by
    e-mail from [e-mail].

    Archie can be used via e-mail, by sending e-mail with a list of commands
    to [e-mail].  For details, send the command "help".  Due to the very
    high demand for this service, requests should be made via e-mail or clients
    rather than telnet-ing to an archie server.  Please try to use archie only
    outside of working hours, make your query as specific as possible, and use
    the archie server nearest you:  archie.au in Australia; archie.funet.fi in
    Finland; archie.th-darmstadt.de in Germany; archie.doc.ic.ac.uk in Great
    Britain; archie.cs.huji.ac.il in Israel; archie.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp and
    archie.wide.ad.jp in Japan; archie.sogang.ac.kr in Korea; archie.nz in
    New Zealand; archie.luth.se in Sweden; archie.ncu.edu.tw in Taiwan;
    archie.ans.net, archie.rutgers.edu, archie.sura.net and archie.unl.net
    in the United States.


-*- 3.6.5. Veronica

    Veronica is a very easy rodent-oriented net-wide index to computerized
    archives.  Veronica's name is a play on the concepts of both gopher and
    archie.  (Remember the comic book couple Archie and Veronica?  Veronica
    does for gopher what archie does for anonymous FTP.)  Veronica searches
    through hundreds of gopher holes looking for anything that matches a
    keyword supplied by the user, and assembles a list of gopher servers that
    contain items of interest.  Note:  veronica checks *titles* of gopher
    items only, not their contents.

    At present, there are no veronica clients;  veronica is a gopher tool.
    There is a veronica database specifically for biology resources in the
    gopher server on merlot.welch.jhu.edu, under menu item "Search Databases
    at Hopkins...".  Its name is BOING, or Bio Oriented INternet Gophers.
    An informal veronica FAQ is posted regularly in comp.infosystems.gopher
    and archived on veronica.scs.unr.edu as veronica/veronica-faq.


-*- 3.6.6. Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS)

    The idea behind WAIS is to make anonymous FTP archives more accessible
    by indexing their contents for easy searching and browsing.  The client's
    user interface is simple, but the concept is so powerful that nearly
    everyone with an anonymous FTP archive has spent part of 1992 and 1993
    building WAIS indices of all available material (software, data, documents
    and other information).  In the course of all this effort an enormous
    amount of information that has been available for years or even decades
    has suddenly become publicly available for the first time all in the past
    year.  WAIS servers are often used as back-end engines for gopher servers.
    Gopher archives are built by hand, but WAIS bundles and organizes related
    items automatically, and thus greatly extends the functionality of gopher.

    Good WAIS client programs for the Mac (WAIStation) and PC (PCWAIS) are
    available on the anonymous FTP archive at think.com.  If your computer
    has full Internet access, you can try out WAIS on a Unix system, courtesy
    of Thinking Machines Corp., by telnetting to quake.think.com.  Use the
    username "wais" and give your e-mail address as the password.  See the
    newsgroup comp.infosystems.wais for more details, or see the WAIS FAQ
    (section 5, Useful and Important FAQs).


-*- 3.6.7. World-Wide Web (WWW)

    WWW is yet another tool for gathering useful information from the Internet.
    It was invented at the European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN),
    Switzerland.  WWW looks like a document that users can open and read, but
    selecting certain words via mouse or keyboard causes other documents to be
    retrieved and opened for inspection.  The most powerful aspect of WWW at
    present is the ease with which seamless, attractive online documentation
    can be created, that is easy to find and browse, no matter where on the
    Internet the actual documents are.  You can try WWW, courtesy of CERN:
    telnet to info.cern.ch (no username needed).


-*- 3.7. Access by E-mail

    Bitnet does not support telnet or FTP sessions, but many Bitnet nodes are
    also full Internet sites, and so do support telnet and FTP.  For those
    who only have access to computers on Bitnet, Princeton University offers
    a file transfer service by e-mail.  [e-mail] will send a help
    file in response to the message "help".  There is an identical server in
    Germany:  Bitftp@DEARN from within Bitnet/EARN or [e-mail] from
    the Internet.  This server should be used only for FTP requests involving
    transfers within Europe.  If you have neither full Internet access nor an
    account on a Bitnet node, you can still get files from anonymous FTP
    archives by e-mail courtesy of [e-mail], which will send
    instructions in response to the word "help" followed by "quit" on separate
    lines of an e-mail message.

    Also, you can retrieve formal Usenet FAQs via e-mail from the Usenet FAQ
    repository, rtfm.mit.edu:  to get a help file, a list of all the FAQs
    stored there, and the latest version of this guide, send e-mail to
    [e-mail] with the text

        help
        index
        send usenet/news.answers/biology/guide


-*- 4. Commercial Services

    The three most common types of commercial services are (1) restricted-use
    computer accounts allowing Internet access (e-mail or full access) via
    modem from personal computers, (2) on-line bibliographic databases that
    can be searched via modem or over the Internet, and (3) access via modem
    or the Internet to private Usenet-style special-interest networks, but
    only e-mail access to the rest of the Internet.  This third type of
    service is rapidly disappearing as vendors add full Internet access to
    subscribers to keep them from going to another service vendor.

    For the benefit of people without full Internet access (telnet and FTP
    in addition to e-mail), Peter Kaminski maintains a list of commercial
    access providers (Kaminski 1993).  E-mail requests for this list can be
    sent to [e-mail]:  use "send PDIAL" as the subject.

    The best sources of information about Internet resources, for readers
    who do not have access to the Internet, are the books on the Internet
    listed in the bibliography, and many other published literature with the
    words "Internet", "online" or "database" in the title.  There are many
    such books available now, as publishers everywhere realize that money
    can be made on the new Electronic Frontier.

    However, much of the information in these compendium books is out of date
    even before the book appears in print.  Also, it is generally compiled by
    people who are not well acquainted with the materials, and thus poorly
    organized.  Much of the information was gathered by soliciting data from
    administrators or suppliers of databases.  This data, in current form,
    is best gathered directly from the source, via the Internet.  The best
    strategy is to learn to cruise the Internet yourself, with the help of a
    a "tool" book such as Kehoe (1992) or Krol (1992; or if you can't find
    those at your local bookstore, some alternatives are Goldman 1992, Lane
    and Summerhill 1992, LaQuey and Ryer 1992, Malamud 1992 or Tennant et al.
    1993) and learn where in the Internet to look periodically for notices
    about resources of interest to you.


-*- 5. Useful and Important FAQs

    You will learn a great deal about the Internet and what it has to offer
    if you read some of these FAQs.  If you still want to know more, browse
    around in Usenet.  Also, a number of books have been published recently
    that give a very thorough guide to the Internet;  see the bibliography
    and check your local academic bookstore or university library.

    The files below are stored in pub/usenet/news.answers/ in the anonymous
    FTP archive on rtfm.mit.edu, and are posted frequently to the Usenet
    newsgroups news.answers, comp.answers and sci.answers, as appropriate.
    See section 3.6.2, Anonymous FTP for help retrieving these FAQs via e-mail
    or FTP.  See section 2.3.3, Usenet FAQs about Usenet for a list of titles.

               Title                            Archive filename
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

                        General resources

    Gopher [FAQ]                                gopher-faq
    comp.infosystems.wais FAQ            wais-faq/getting-started
    WAIS FAQ                    wais-faq/sources
    FAQ: How to find people's E-mail addresses  finding-addresses
    FAQ: College Email Addresses                college-email/part[1-3]
    Top-level international country             top-level-domains
        domain names
    How to Get Information about Networks       network-info/part1
    Public Dialup Internet Access List          pdial
    Updated Internet Services List              internet-services
    Mailing Lists Available in Usenet           bit/gatelist
    How to find sources                         finding-sources
    Anonymous FTP List - FAQ                    ftp-list/faq
    Anonymous FTP List - Sites                  ftp-list/sites[1-3]
    Mail Archive Server (MAS) software list     mas-software

                        Scientific resources

    A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources   biology/guide
    Biological Information Theory               biology/info-theory
        and Chowder Society
    Sources of Meteorological Data FAQ          weather-data
    Computer Graphics Resource Listing          graphics/resources-list/
                                                    part[1-3]
    Space FAQ                                   space/* [15 parts]
    Computer Science Technical Report           techreport-sites/list
        Archive Sites


    Amos Bairoch has assembled a very useful list of Molecular Biology
    Archives and Mailservers which is available on many FTP sites, and
    in the Usenet newsgroup bionet.announce.

    Paul Hengen has written a FAQ about new methods in molecular biology for
    the bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts newsgroup.  It is available via anonymous
    FTP on ncifcrf.gov in pub/methods/FAQlist.

    Virgil Sealy and Lisa Nyman have written a FAQ for comp.infosystems.gis
    (and the gated GIS-L mailing list).  You can also get this FAQ by sending
    e-mail to [e-mail] (no message necessary), or
    you can get it via anonymous FTP from dg-rtp.dg.com in the file /gis/faq.
    Bill Thoen has written "Internet Resources for GIS/CARTO/Earth Science",
    which is available via anonymous FTP from csn.org in the COGS/ directory.

    Ken Boschert keeps The Electronic Zoo, a list of mailing lists, archives,
    and dial-up BBS systems that have something to do with animals (including
    humans).  The most recent version can be retrieved via anonymous FTP from
    wuarchive.wustl.edu in /doc/techreports/wustl.edu/compmed/elec_zoo.txt.
    The list has many items not mentioned in this guide.

    Lee Hancock keeps Internet/Bitnet Health Sciences Resources, a document
    that can be retrieved via anonymous FTP from ftp.sura.net, in the pub/nic/
    directory, file name medical.resources.<version>.  In the same directory
    is Wilfred Drew's Not Just Cows, a guide to Internet resources in
    agriculture and related sciences;  get the file named agricultural.list.


-*- 5.1. What's a FAQ and where can I get one?

    There are now hundreds of Internet documents, including this one, written
    expressly to answer frequently asked questions.  They are often refered
    to in the Usenet community as "FAQs" (sounds like "fax" or "F.A.Qs").
    You will find them in the Usenet newsgroup news.answers (and subsets in
    sci.answers, comp.answers, and news.answers.newusers).  The Usenet FAQ
    repository is an anonymous FTP archive on rtfm.mit.edu (RTFM stands for
    Read The <bleep> Manual), in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers/.
    See section 3.6.2, Anonymous FTP for details, including instructions for
    retrieving any Usenet FAQ via e-mail.


-*- 5.2. Does anyone have an e-mail address for X?

    Please, don't ask this in a newsgroup or mailing list.  It's rude!

    The quickest, most efficient way to answer this is to call or write to X
    directly.  If anyone can help you with this, it's X.  To date, most
    biologists don't have e-mail addresses, or if they do, they don't read
    their e-mail very often, so you really are better off contacting them
    directly.  If you must try to find this information via the computer
    networks, please start by reading Kamens (1993a) or Lamb (1993) or the
    relevant section of one of the books listed in the bibliography.  Also,
    you can check for the latest strategy in bionet.users.addresses.  But
    wait, there's more:  many gopher servers listed in this guide have
    searchable directories of biologists (see section 3.2, Directories).


-*- 5.3. How to find a good graduate program?

    Go talk to the undergraduate or graduate advisor in your department,
    if you're a college student.  Start browsing through the scientific
    journals, and the new book stack in the library.  Ask your favorite
    professors for advice.  Sadly, the Internet can not be all things to all
    people, and questions about how to pick graduate programs generally
    do not get satisfactory replies.

    One way you can use the Internet to explore graduate programs is by
    browsing through campus information directories via gopher.


-*- 5.4. Where can I get old newsgroup/mailing list articles?

    All the biology-related Usenet newsgroups (since 1991) are archived for
    searching via gopher, WAIS, and anonymous FTP on ftp.bio.indiana.edu, in
    the directory /usenet/bionet/.  The bionet newsgroups (some dating back
    to 1987) are archived for WAIS and anonymous FTP on net.bio.net.  Browse
    through gopher land for additional Usenet newsgroup archives.

    Most listserver mailing lists are archived on the computer where they
    are administered.  To subscribe and get an index of log files on the
    listserver archive for the ECOLOG-L mailing list, for example, send
    e-mail to [e-mail] with the text:

    subscribe ECOLOG-L Your Name
    index ECOLOG-L


-*- 5.5. Where can I find biology-related job announcements?

    The bionet.jobs newsgroup is a good place to start, but you might also
    want to check the ECOLOG-L listserver mailing list, which is run by
    the Ecological Society of America and carries many job announcements.
    Most other newsgroups and mailing lists carry occasional job notices.
    The American Physiological Society offers announcements appearing in
    The Physiologist via gopher on gopher.uth.tmc.edu (port 3300).  Usenet
    has several newsgroups devoted to jobs:  misc.jobs.*.


-*- Acknowledgements

    This guide would not have been written without the financial support and
    intellectual tolerance of Duke and Yale Universities;  it was organized
    (or organized itself) during the 1992 Complex Systems Summer School of
    the Santa Fe Institute.

    Many, many thanks to

        James Beach, Harvey Chinn, Dan Davison, Reinhard Doelz,
        John Garavelli, Don Gilbert, Rob Harper, Dan Jacobson,
        David Kristofferson, Francis Ouellette, Renato Sabatini,
        and Tom Schneider,

    who have provided substantial ideas and material for this guide and/or
    advice on related issues.  Harvey Chinn has served as my editor, and
    many improvements of organization were suggested by him.  Additional
    material and suggestions were contributed by:

        David Bridge, Steve Clark, Jemery Day, Josh Hayes, Tom Jacobs,
    Andy Johnston, Jonathan Kamens, Jim McIntosh, Dean Pentcheff,
    Jon Radel, Ross Smith, Roy Smith, and Christophe Wolfhugel,

    and many, many readers of earlier versions of this guide.  Thank you!

    There exists a (mostly anonymous) cast of thousands who have made very
    large, even enormous voluntary contributions to the resources mentioned
    in this guide, and who are largely responsible for the thing we call the
    Internet in its broadest sense.  They must all be very proud of what
    they have helped to create.


-*- Bibliography

    Anonymous (1993) "Total traffic through uunet for the last 2 weeks".
    Usenet news.lists, 8 February.  Posted by [e-mail].

    Barr, D. and M. Horton (1993) "Rules for posting to Usenet".  Usenet
        news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive filename posting-rules/part1.

    Brader, M. and J. Schwarz (1993) "Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
        about Usenet".  Usenet news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive filename
        usenet-faq/part1.

    Crepin-Leblond, O.M.J. (1993) " Top-level international country domain
    names".  Usenet comp.mail.misc.  FAQ archive:  top-level-domains.

    Granrose, J., M. Jones and T. Czarnik (1993a) "Anonymous FTP List - FAQ".
    Usenet comp.misc.  FAQ archive:  ftp-list/faq.

    Granrose, J., M. Jones and T. Czarnik (1993b) "Anonymous FTP List - Sites".
        Usenet comp.misc.  FAQ archive:  ftp-list/sites[1-3].

    Fotis, N.C. (1993) "Computer Graphics Resource Listing".  Usenet
        comp.graphics.  FAQ archive filename graphics/resources-list/part[1-3].

    Garavelli, J. (1992) "Announcements of the Protein Information
        Repository".  Usenet bionet.molbio.proteins, December.

    Goldmann, N. (1992) "Online Information Hunting".  Windcrest, Blue Ridge
        Summit, PA.

    Harris, R. (1993) "Computer Science Technical Report Archive Sites".
    Usenet comp.doc.techreports.  FAQ archive:  techreport-sites/list.

    Kahin, B. (1992) "Building Information Infrastructure:  Issues in
        the Development of the National Research and Education Network".
        McGraw Hill, New York.  432 pages.

    Kamens, J.I. (1993a) "FAQ: How to find people's E-mail addresses".  Usenet
        comp.mail.misc.  FAQ archive filename finding-addresses.

    Kamens, J.I. (1993b) "How to find sources (READ THIS BEFORE POSTING)".
    Usenet comp.mail.misc.  FAQ archive filename finding-sources.

    Kamens, J.I. (1993c) "How to become a USENET site".  Usenet
        news.admin.misc.  FAQ archive filename site-setup.

    Kamens, J.I. (1993d) "Introduction to the news.answers newsgroup".
    Usenet news.answers.  FAQ archive filename news-answers/introduction.

    Kamens, J.I. (1993e) "Mail Archive Server (MAS) software list".
    Usenet comp.mail.misc.  FAQ archive filename mas-software.

    Kaminski, P. (1993) "Public Dialup Internet Access List (PDIAL)".  Usenet
        alt.internet.access.wanted FAQ archive filename pdial.

    Keen, G., G. Redgrave, J. Lawton, M. Cinkosky, S. Mishra, J. Fickett,
    and C. Burks (1992) "Access to molecular biology databases".
    Mathematical Comput. Modelling 16:93-101.

    Kehoe, B.P. (1992) "Zen and the Art of the Internet:  A Beginner's
        Guide to the Internet", 2nd Edition (July).  Prentice Hall,
        Englewood Cliffs, NJ.  112 pages.  The 1st Edition, (February)
        is available in Postscript format via anonymous FTP from
        ftp.cs.widener.edu and many other Internet archives.

    Krol, E. (1992) "The Whole Internet:  Catalog & User's Guide".
        O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA.  376 pages.

    Lamb, D. (1993) "FAQ: College Email Addresses".  Usenet soc.college.
        FAQ archive filename college-email/part[1-3].

    Lane, E.S. and C.A. Summerhill (1992) "An Internet Primer for
        Information Professionals:  A Basic Guide to Networking Technology".
        Meckler Corporation, Westport, CT.  ~200 pages.  In press.

    LaQuey, T.L. (1992?) editor, "The User's Directory of Computer Networks".
    Digital Press.  ~1000 pages.

    LaQuey, T.L. and J.C. Ryer (1992) "The Internet Companion:  A Beginner's
        Guide to Global Networking".  Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
        Reading, MA.  208 pages.

    Lawrence, D.C., G. Woods and G. Spafford (1993) "How to Create a New
    Usenet Newsgroup".  Usenet news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive:
        creating-newsgroups/part1.

    Leech, J. (1993) "Space FAQ".  Usenet sci.astro.  FAQ archive space/*.

    Malamud, C. (1992) "Exploring the Internet:  A Technical Travelogue".
        Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.  376 pages.

    McIntosh, J. (1993a) "NetNews/Listserv Gateway Policy."  Usenet bit.admin.
    FAQ archive:  bit/policy.

    McIntosh, J. (1993b) "Mailing Lists Available in Usenet."  Usenet
        bit.admin.  FAQ archive:  bit/gatelist.

    Reid, B. (1993a) "Usenet Readership Report for January 1993".  Usenet
    news.lists.

    Reid, B. (1993b) "Usenet Readership Summary Report for January 1993".
    Usenet news.lists.

    Schneider, T. (1993) "Biological Information Theory and Chowder Society".
        Usenet bionet.info-theory.  FAQ archive:  biology/info-theory.

    da Silva, S. and C. Von Rospach and G. Spafford (1993) "Publicly
        Accessible Mailing Lists".  Usenet news.lists.  FAQ archive:
        news.lists[1-4].

    Smith, Una R. (1993) "A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources."
    Usenet sci.bio.  FAQ archive:  biology/guide.

    Spafford, G. (1993) "USENET Software: History and Sources".  Usenet
        news.admin.misc.  FAQ archive filename usenet-software/part1.

    Spafford, G. and R. Atkinson (1992) "How to Get Information about
        Networks".  Usenet news.admin.misc.  FAQ archive:  network-info/part1.

    Spafford, G. and M. Horton (1992) "Introduction to news.announce".
        Usenet news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive filename
        news-announce-intro/part1.

    Spafford, G. and A.J. Offutt VI (1992) "Hints on writing style for
        Usenet".  Usenet news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive filename
        usenet-writing-style/part1.

    Spafford, G. and C. Salzenberg (1992) "What is Usenet?".  Usenet
        news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive filename what-is-usenet/part1.

    Spafford, G. and C. Von Rospach (1992) "A Primer on How to Work With the
        Usenet Community".  Usenet news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive
        filename usenet-primer/part1.

    Stern, I. (1993) "Sources of Meteorological Data FAQ".  Usenet
        sci.geo.meteorology.  FAQ archive filename weather-data.

    Templeton, B. (1991) "Emily Postnews Answers Your Questions on
        Netiquette".  Usenet news.announce.newusers.  FAQ archive filename
        emily-postnews/part1.

    Tennant, R., J. Ober and A.G. Lipow (1993) "Crossing the Internet
        Threshold:  an Instructional Handbook", 1st Edition.  Library
        Solution Press, San Carlos, CA.  134 pages.

    Thomas, E. (1993) "Revised LISTSERV System Reference Library".
        [e-mail], release 1.7c.  Retrievable from any
        listserver using the mail message "send listserv refcard".

    UofMN Gopher Team (1993) "Gopher Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)".
        Usenet comp.infosystems.gopher.  FAQ archive:  gopher-faq.

    Wohler, B. (1993) "NN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) with Answers".
        Usenet news.software.nn.  FAQ archive:  nn-faq.

    Woodbury, G.W. (1993) "UNIX BBS Software FAQ with Answers".  Usenet
    comp.bbs.misc.  FAQ archive:  unix-faq/bbs-software.

    Yanoff, S. (1993) "Updated Internet Services List".  Usenet
        alt.internet.services.  Available from rtfm.mit.edu FAQ
        archive as filename internet-services.


-*- Appendix. Assorted Listserver Mailing Lists

    Remember, do not send your subscription request to the list itself.

    A few of the mailing lists below use a Unix-based "listserv" program that
    is similar to the "LISTSERV" program for mainframes.  "listserv" does not
    have as many features as "LISTSERV", but in the interest of brevity these
    mailing lists have not been singled out.  See section 2.4, Listserver
    Mailing Lists for subscription instructions.

    An "M" before the descriptive title indicates a moderated list.  All
    submissions should be sent to the moderator, not the list.  The
    listserver for such groups can provide the name and e-mail address of
    the moderator.  "G" indicates a gateway to a Usenet newsgroup;  "A"
    indicates that the listserver maintains some files for this group.

    Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

    [e-mail]            Agricultural Economics and ERS Test List
    [e-mail]        Agricultural Expert Systems
    [e-mail]           Agricultural Engineering and Intel. Control
    [e-mail]        Agriculture Discussion
    [e-mail]         Aquaculture Discussion List
    [e-mail]        Discussion Forum on Camel Research
    [e-mail]          Dairy Discussion List
    [e-mail]        Va Tech Horticulture Dept. Announcements
    [e-mail]       Va Tech Horticulture Dept. Program
    [e-mail]    Master Gardeners
    [e-mail]     Discussion list for New Crops
    [e-mail]       Potato Research
    [e-mail]          Russian Agriculture
    [e-mail]        Vet. Medicine Computer Assisted Instruction
    [e-mail]         Veterinary Medicine Library issues and info.
    [e-mail]       Veterinary Medicine (Peered)

    Anthropology and Archaeology

    [e-mail]            Ancient Near Eastern Studies
    [e-mail]  General Anthropology Bulletin Board
    [e-mail]        Archaeology List
    [e-mail]       M  Human Evolutionary Research Discussion
    [e-mail]      Issues Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples
    [e-mail]   Pacific Rim Archaeology Interest List
    [e-mail]             Physical Anthropology News List

    Biology

    [e-mail]              Discussion of Bee Biology
    [e-mail]           Biologists in Turkey
    [e-mail]        Biological applications of Electron Spin Res.
    [e-mail]       Biomechanics and Movement Science
    [e-mail]       Biological Nitrogen Fixation Forum
    [e-mail]            Carnivorous Plants
    [e-mail]        Entomology in Brazil (in Portuguese)
    [e-mail]       Entomology Discussion List
    [e-mail]    G  Ethology
    [e-mail]               Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Discussion
    [e-mail]         International Arctic Project Wildlife
    [e-mail]            Ethologistes/Ethologists
    [e-mail]       M  Int. Organization for Plant Information
    [e-mail]       M  Int. Union of Biological Societies
    [e-mail]       Lactic Acid Bacteria Forum
    [e-mail]       Fungus and Root Interaction Discussion
    [e-mail]           Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory
    [e-mail]           Social Insect Biology Research List
    [e-mail]     Thermal Physiology

    Biostatistics

    [e-mail]      Bureau of Biometrics at Albany
    [e-mail]          BMDP Software Users
    [e-mail]    G Journal of Statistics Education List
    [e-mail]      Biological Morphometrics Mailing List
    [e-mail]        Discussion of Stats and Programming
    [e-mail] Quantitative Morphology List
    [e-mail]    G SAS Discussion (Peered)
    [e-mail]     SAS Public Access Consortium
    [e-mail]    G SPSSX Discussion (Peered)
    [e-mail]    G Statistical Consulting

    Computational biology

    [e-mail]    M Complex systems
    [e-mail] Cybernetics and Systems
    [e-mail]            List for ecosystem theory and modeling
    [e-mail]   GLObal Systems Analysis and Simulation List
    [e-mail]           International Neural Network Society
    [e-mail]        Nonlinear Dynamics Research Group
    [e-mail] Artificial Neural Networks Discussion
    [e-mail]      Society for Mathematical Biology

    Conservation and Environmental Studies

    [e-mail]         APA Scientific Grassroots Network
    [e-mail]       Pollution and grondwater recharge
    [e-mail]          American Soc. of Environmental Historians
    [e-mail]         Communication & international development
    [e-mail] Conservation Biology List
    [e-mail]          Discussion on Biological Conservation
    [e-mail]   Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation List
    [e-mail]  G  Technology Transfer in Int. Development
    [e-mail]     Environmental Studies Discussion List
    [e-mail]        Integrated Coastal Area Management
    [e-mail]   Dendrochronology Forum
    [e-mail] Latin America Scholarship Program
    [e-mail]     Middle East water
    [e-mail]      Ecology and Envir. Protection in Chile
    [e-mail]      Nutrient Cycling Issues - Worldwide
    [e-mail]         Ocean Drilling Program Open Discussion
    [e-mail]      SOPREN discussion re Amazonia (Portuguese)

    Ecology

    [e-mail] G Biosphere, ecology, Discussion List
    [e-mail]     Biodiversity networks
    [e-mail] National Birding Hotline Cooperative
    [e-mail] Bird Bander's Forum
    [e-mail] National Birding Hotline (Chat Line)
    [e-mail] National Birding Hotline (Central)
    [e-mail] National Birding Hotline (East)
    [e-mail] National Birding Hotline (West)
    [e-mail] Special BIRDCHAT LOGO Project
    [e-mail]      G  Ecological Society of America
    [e-mail]     Organization for Tropical Studies
    [e-mail]       Pollination and palynology list
    [e-mail]        Sino-Ecologists Club Overseas Forum

    Geology and Geography (including GIS)

    [e-mail] Geographic Information Systems
    [e-mail]      ASTRA joint database project users group
    [e-mail] Climatology Distribution List
    [e-mail]       Coastal GIS Distribution List
    [e-mail]   Chinese Professionals GIS Use List
    [e-mail]       Geography
    [e-mail]       Geology Discussion List
    [e-mail] M Geoscience Librarians & Information
    [e-mail]         Sistemas de Info. Geo-Ref. (GIS in Spanish)
    [e-mail]  G  Geographic Information Systems
    [e-mail]       Idrisi Discussion List
    [e-mail]      Image Processing of Remotely Sensed data
    [e-mail]         Maps and Air Photo Systems Forum
    [e-mail]          QUAKE-L Discussion List
    [e-mail] Seismological Data Distribution
    [e-mail] Seismological Discussion
    [e-mail]          Forum of Quantitative Methods in Geosciences
    [e-mail]    Temporal Topics on GIS List
    [e-mail]   Univ Consort for Geo Info & Analysis List
    [e-mail] G User Interfaces for Geographic Info. Sys.
    [e-mail] Virtual Reality and GIS

    Marine biology

    [e-mail]        Brine Shrimp Discussion List
    [e-mail]          Deep Sea and Vent News
    [e-mail] Research on the diatom algae
    [e-mail] HyperBaric & Diving Medicine List
    [e-mail]       Marine Studies/Shipboard Education
    [e-mail]         Marine Biology of the Adriatic Sea List

    Medicine and medical research

    [e-mail]       Adirondack Medical Records Association List
    [e-mail]           American Medical Informatics Association
    [e-mail]         American Medical Informatics Association Edu.
    [e-mail]   Discussions on Organizational Design of Acad.
    [e-mail]        Assoc. of Biomedical Communications Directors
    [e-mail]       Biomedical Ethics
    [e-mail]      CANCER discussion list
    [e-mail]         Cancer Liaison and Action Network
    [e-mail]        Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/CFIDS medical list
    [e-mail]       Computers in Canadian Medical Education
    [e-mail]        M Comparative Medicine List
    [e-mail]        School of Medicine Conference List
    [e-mail]         CROatian MEDical List
    [e-mail]       Academic Family Medicine Discussion
    [e-mail]       Communication in health/medical context
    [e-mail]          Biomedical Hypermedia Instructional Design
    [e-mail]            Int. Medical Informatics Assn. Board
    [e-mail]    Computer Assist. Management & Manip. Info.
    [e-mail]    Medical Journal Discussion Club
    [e-mail]    Laser Medicine
    [e-mail]        Medical consulting and case descriptions
    [e-mail] M Medical Students Discussion
    [e-mail]        Medical Imaging Discussion List
    [e-mail]  Medical Libraries Discussion List
    [e-mail]        Medical Telecommunications Networks
    [e-mail]      M Health Info-Com Network (HICN) Newsletter
    [e-mail]      EFOMP Medical Physics Information Services
    [e-mail]      M Medical student discussion list
    [e-mail]  Medical Support List
    [e-mail]          National Network Library of Medicine SEA
    [e-mail]         Nutritional Epidemiology Discussion List
    [e-mail]       Oxygen Free Radical Biology and Medicine
    [e-mail]   Medical Education and Health Information
    [e-mail]       Continuing Medical Education Discussion List
    [e-mail]        Medical Decision Making List

    Molecular biology

    [e-mail]       G  Biotechnology Discussion List
    [e-mail]  Confocal Microscopy List
    [e-mail]  The Cyanobacterial Toxins Discussion List
    [e-mail]   Drosophila workers to receive DIS Newsletter
    [e-mail]    Computers in Biotechnology, Rsch. and Edu.
    [e-mail]    Catalogue of 'Biotechnological' software
    [e-mail]       EMBNet (European Molecular Biology Network)
    [e-mail]  Electromagnetics in Med., Sci. & Com.
    [e-mail]      Forum on molecular biology
    [e-mail]    Clinical human genetics
    [e-mail]       Laboratory Primate Newsletter List
    [e-mail]      NIBNews (Biology and Medical Informatics)
    [e-mail]           Molecular Biology Research Group

    Neurobiology

    [e-mail]         Cognitive Science Discussion Group
    [e-mail]           Digital Acoustic Signal Processing
    [e-mail]  Trends in the Ecology of Vision
    [e-mail]      Chilean Neurosciences Discussion List
    [e-mail]   Yale Neuroscience Program
    [e-mail]        Neuroscience Information Forum
    [e-mail]         Methods in Modern Neuroscience
    [e-mail]         Brazilian Society of Neurosciences & Comp.

    Taxonomy and Systematics

    [e-mail]       Classification and phylogeny estimation
    [e-mail]   Muse Software Discussion List
    [e-mail]       Museum discussion list
    [e-mail]             RAPD sequencing discussion list
    [e-mail]         Genealogy list
    [e-mail]  Taxonomic and systematic collections list

    Teaching and Research

    [e-mail]          Biology Curriculum Innovation Study
    [e-mail]         Secondary Biology Teacher List
    [e-mail] Research and Practice in Mentoring
    [e-mail]    NSF Grants & Contracts
    [e-mail]      History and Philosophy of Science

    [e-mail]       Job offers from EARN Institute members
    [e-mail]        Research methodology
    [e-mail] M Navigating The Internet Workshop List
    [e-mail]           New Paradigms in Education List
    [e-mail] M NIH Grants and Contracts Distribution List
    [e-mail]     NSF Information List
    [e-mail] G Science FAQ List
    [e-mail]    Discussion of Fraud in Science
    [e-mail]    G  Electronic journal discussions
    [e-mail]         Women In Science and Engineering NETwork

--

      Una Smith      Department of Biology       [e-mail]
                     Yale University
                     New Haven, CT  06511